Tur in zona Berthelot – 11 august
Acum 3 luni
miercuri, 28 noiembrie 2007
Taxele nu mor niciodata
Romania ocupa locul intai in Uniunea Europeana si patru in lume in functie de numarul taxelor pe care o companie trebuie sa le plateasca intr-un an, cu 96 de impozite si taxe, nivel de peste doua ori mai mare decat cel din alte state europene, precum Polonia si Slovacia. Pe primele trei pozitii in lume dupa numarul de taxe platite de o companie intr-un an se afla Belarus (124), Uzbekistan (118) si Ucraina (99).Suedia plateste cele mai putine taxe in Uniunea Europeana, respectiv doua, fiind urmata de Letonia (7), Portugalia, Spania si in Marea Britanie (8). "In Romania, dintre cele 96 de taxe, 60 sunt in domeniul fortei de munca, intr-un an o companie fiind obligata sa realizeze 12 plati pentru fiecare dintre domenii precum contributia la asigurari sociale, contributia la asigurarile de sanatate, somaj, fondul privind riscul de accidente si pentru inspectia in munca", se arata in studiu.
Greu. Foarte greu
"A garanta proprietatea inseamna a limita dreptul omului asupra proprietatii lui" -- Ion Iliescu
Romania si mediul
Comisia acţionează în instanţă România pentru nerespectarea legislaţiei în domeniul biodiversităţii
Comisia Europeană va acţiona România în instanţă pentru nerespectarea legislaţiei în domeniul biodiversităţii. România nu şi-a respectat în nicio măsură obligaţia de a desemna zone protejate speciale pentru păsările sălbatice migratoare şi vulnerabile, încălcând directiva UE privind conservarea păsărilor sălbatice.
Comisarul UE pentru Mediu, Stavros Dimas, a declarat: „Statele membre trebuie să îşi finalizeze de urgenţă reţelele de zone de protecţie speciale pentru păsările sălbatice migratoare şi vulnerabile şi siturile de interes comunitar în vederea conservării florei şi faunei sălbatice. Această obligaţie este crucială dacă dorim să atingem obiectivul UE de a pune capăt pierderii biodiversităţii până în 2010.”
Comisia Europeană va acţiona România în instanţă pentru nerespectarea legislaţiei în domeniul biodiversităţii. România nu şi-a respectat în nicio măsură obligaţia de a desemna zone protejate speciale pentru păsările sălbatice migratoare şi vulnerabile, încălcând directiva UE privind conservarea păsărilor sălbatice.
Comisarul UE pentru Mediu, Stavros Dimas, a declarat: „Statele membre trebuie să îşi finalizeze de urgenţă reţelele de zone de protecţie speciale pentru păsările sălbatice migratoare şi vulnerabile şi siturile de interes comunitar în vederea conservării florei şi faunei sălbatice. Această obligaţie este crucială dacă dorim să atingem obiectivul UE de a pune capăt pierderii biodiversităţii până în 2010.”
Din nou despre rai
Justitia e legata la ochi. Dar unii, din cand in cand trag de carpa aia...si asa se muta raiul din Islanda
Islanda...la un pas de paradis
Odata publicat topul tarilor "marfa", realizam ca in iad e cald, chiar foarte cald...iar in rai e al dracului de frig. Sa fie Libia colonelului etern, raiul pe pamant ?
joi, 22 noiembrie 2007
Nimeni nu mai infiinteaza o pompa funebra, ceva acolo
Profesiile juridice sunt printre cele mai căutate în rândul tinerilor. Acest lucru rezultă în primul rând din numărul mare de facultăţi de drept, de stat şi particulare, care – în fiecare an – produc pe bandă rulantă mii de absolvenţi.
Dintre aceştia doar o mică parte reuşesc să ajungă să profeseze în domeniul pentru care s-au pregătit patru ani de zile. Practic, un absolvent de drept are în faţă mai multe opţiuni. El poate deveni magistrat (judecător sau procuror), avocat, notar, consilier juridic, grefier, executor judecătoresc.
Dintre toate aceste profesii, cele mai căutate – dar şi cele mai bănoase şi de bon ton – sunt cele de magistrat, avocat şi notar. Punctul comun al acestora este faptul că pentru a accede în cadrul lor trebuie să dai examen şi să parcurgi etapa de stagiar, după care devii magistrat, avocat sau notar definitiv. Una peste alta - presupunând că nu iei examenul din prima sau că nu îţi găseşti imediat un maestru - în jurul vârstei de 30 de ani, un absolvent serios sau norocos de drept ar cam trebui să fi intrat într-una dintre aceste profesii.Să vedem însă cam care sunt veniturile anuale pentru fiecare dintre aceste meserii, la început de carieră, adică după obţinerea definitivatului.
Un procuror cu rand de parchet de tribunal câştigă anual între 238 de milioane de lei vechi şi 340 de milioane de lei vechi. Un judecător de tribunal are un venit anual care variază, în funcţie de vechimea în magistratură, între 350 de milioane de lei vechi şi 500 de milioane de lei vechi.
Profesiile juridice liberale sunt mult mai bănoase decât cele de la stat
Avocaţii şi notarii desfăşoară activităţi independente, iar salariile anuale ale acestora sunt stabilite chiar de ei. Practic însă, venitul încasat anual de un avocat tânăr, invadat de procese, se ridică şi el undeva la 570 de milioane de lei vechi.
În topul celor mai bănoase profesii juridice, notarii domină clasamentul, urmaţi la mare distanţă de avocati. Acestora le intră în buzunar anual între 700 de milioane de lei vechi şi 4,5 miliarde de lei vechi. Sumele diferă în funcţie de vechime, experienţă, clientelă şi locatie. Astfel, sunt notari publici care profesează în unele judeţe ale ţării -Timiş, Bucureşti, Ilfov, Sălaj si Braşov – care realizează lunar venituri nete de cel puţin 20.000 -30.000 de euro.
Potrivit unor surse din cadrul Agenţiei Naţionale de Administraţie Fiscală (ANAF), cel mai bine plătit notar din România a câştigat în 2005 peste 45.900 de euro net pe luna, adică un total de peste 550.000 de euro anual.
Notarul respectiv este înregistrat ca şi contribuabil în judeţul Cluj şi a plătit din încasările sale brute un impozit de aproape 105.000 de euro. Munca uşoară şi veniturile substanţiale au determinat, de altfel, o serie de soţii şi copii de politiciani să intre în notariat. Este cazul soţiei premierului, fiicei preşedintelui, soţiei ministrului de Interne etc.
Potrivit unor surse oficiale, cel mai bine plătit avocat din România a câştigat în 2005, 153.453 de euro net pe lună, adica un total de aproape 1,85 de milioane de euro anual. Acesta este înregistrat ca şi contribuabil în sectorul 1 al Capitalei şi a plătit din încasările sale brute un impozit de 16%, adică puţin mai mare de 350.000 de euro în tot anul 2005.
Dintre aceştia doar o mică parte reuşesc să ajungă să profeseze în domeniul pentru care s-au pregătit patru ani de zile. Practic, un absolvent de drept are în faţă mai multe opţiuni. El poate deveni magistrat (judecător sau procuror), avocat, notar, consilier juridic, grefier, executor judecătoresc.
Dintre toate aceste profesii, cele mai căutate – dar şi cele mai bănoase şi de bon ton – sunt cele de magistrat, avocat şi notar. Punctul comun al acestora este faptul că pentru a accede în cadrul lor trebuie să dai examen şi să parcurgi etapa de stagiar, după care devii magistrat, avocat sau notar definitiv. Una peste alta - presupunând că nu iei examenul din prima sau că nu îţi găseşti imediat un maestru - în jurul vârstei de 30 de ani, un absolvent serios sau norocos de drept ar cam trebui să fi intrat într-una dintre aceste profesii.Să vedem însă cam care sunt veniturile anuale pentru fiecare dintre aceste meserii, la început de carieră, adică după obţinerea definitivatului.
Un procuror cu rand de parchet de tribunal câştigă anual între 238 de milioane de lei vechi şi 340 de milioane de lei vechi. Un judecător de tribunal are un venit anual care variază, în funcţie de vechimea în magistratură, între 350 de milioane de lei vechi şi 500 de milioane de lei vechi.
Profesiile juridice liberale sunt mult mai bănoase decât cele de la stat
Avocaţii şi notarii desfăşoară activităţi independente, iar salariile anuale ale acestora sunt stabilite chiar de ei. Practic însă, venitul încasat anual de un avocat tânăr, invadat de procese, se ridică şi el undeva la 570 de milioane de lei vechi.
În topul celor mai bănoase profesii juridice, notarii domină clasamentul, urmaţi la mare distanţă de avocati. Acestora le intră în buzunar anual între 700 de milioane de lei vechi şi 4,5 miliarde de lei vechi. Sumele diferă în funcţie de vechime, experienţă, clientelă şi locatie. Astfel, sunt notari publici care profesează în unele judeţe ale ţării -Timiş, Bucureşti, Ilfov, Sălaj si Braşov – care realizează lunar venituri nete de cel puţin 20.000 -30.000 de euro.
Potrivit unor surse din cadrul Agenţiei Naţionale de Administraţie Fiscală (ANAF), cel mai bine plătit notar din România a câştigat în 2005 peste 45.900 de euro net pe luna, adică un total de peste 550.000 de euro anual.
Notarul respectiv este înregistrat ca şi contribuabil în judeţul Cluj şi a plătit din încasările sale brute un impozit de aproape 105.000 de euro. Munca uşoară şi veniturile substanţiale au determinat, de altfel, o serie de soţii şi copii de politiciani să intre în notariat. Este cazul soţiei premierului, fiicei preşedintelui, soţiei ministrului de Interne etc.
Potrivit unor surse oficiale, cel mai bine plătit avocat din România a câştigat în 2005, 153.453 de euro net pe lună, adica un total de aproape 1,85 de milioane de euro anual. Acesta este înregistrat ca şi contribuabil în sectorul 1 al Capitalei şi a plătit din încasările sale brute un impozit de 16%, adică puţin mai mare de 350.000 de euro în tot anul 2005.
Evaluare magistraţi
Consiliul Superior al Magistraturii (CSM) va începe la sfârşitul acestui an evaluarea profesională a judecătorilor şi procurorilor, proces care ar trebui să se încheie la începutul anului 2008. Potrivit Regulamentului privind evaluarea magistraţilor, va fi verificat modul în care aceştia îsi exercită atribuţiile de serviciu. În urma cu o luna, plenul CSM a adoptat Regulamentul privind evaluarea, acesta fiind trimis pentru publicare la Monitorul Oficial.
Modificările legislative din vara anului 2005 au eliminat obligativitatea evaluării anuale a magistraţilor, acest lucru urmând a fi realizat cu o periodicitate de trei ani. Însă, prevederile legislative din 2005 impun ca pâna la sfârşitul acestui an să se realizeze evaluarea tuturor procurorilor şi judecătorilor, luându-se în calcul şi activitatea pe anul 2004. La instanţele din România sunt 4.491 de posturi de judecători din care 373 sunt vacante, iar parchetele au în schemă 2.859 de posturi, din care 572 sunt neocupate.
Modificările legislative din vara anului 2005 au eliminat obligativitatea evaluării anuale a magistraţilor, acest lucru urmând a fi realizat cu o periodicitate de trei ani. Însă, prevederile legislative din 2005 impun ca pâna la sfârşitul acestui an să se realizeze evaluarea tuturor procurorilor şi judecătorilor, luându-se în calcul şi activitatea pe anul 2004. La instanţele din România sunt 4.491 de posturi de judecători din care 373 sunt vacante, iar parchetele au în schemă 2.859 de posturi, din care 572 sunt neocupate.
Rolul procurorului
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors
Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990
Whereas in the Charter of the United Nations the peoples of the world affirm, inter alia, their determination to establish conditions under which justice can be maintained, and proclaim as one of their purposes the achievement of international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,
Whereas the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the principles of equality before the law, the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal,
Whereas frequently there still exists a gap between the vision underlying those principles and the actual situation,
Whereas the organization and administration of justice in every country should be inspired by those principles, and efforts undertaken to translate them fully into reality,
Whereas prosecutors play a crucial role in the administration of justice, and rules concerning the performance of their important responsibilities should promote their respect for and compliance with the above-mentioned principles, thus contributing to fair and equitable criminal justice and the effective protection of citizens against crime,
Whereas it is essential to ensure that prosecutors possess the professional qualifications required for the accomplishment of their functions, through improved methods of recruitment and legal and professional training, and through the provision of all necessary means for the proper performance of their role in combating criminality, particularly in its new forms and dimensions,
Whereas the General Assembly, by its resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, adopted the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, on the recommendation of the Fifth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders,
Whereas in resolution 16 of the Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control was called upon to include among its priorities the elaboration of guidelines relating to the independence of judges and the selection, professional training and status of judges and prosecutors, Whereas the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders adopted the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985,
Whereas the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, recommends measures to be taken at the international and national levels to improve access to justice and fair treatment, restitution, compensation and assistance for victims of crime,
Whereas, in resolution 7 of the Seventh Congress the Committee was called upon to consider the need for guidelines relating, inter alia, to the selection, professional training and status of prosecutors, their expected tasks and conduct, means to enhance their contribution to the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system and their cooperation with the police, the scope of their discretionary powers, and their role in criminal proceedings, and to report thereon to future United Nations congresses,
The Guidelines set forth below, which have been formulated to assist Member States in their tasks of securing and promoting the effectiveness, impartiality and fairness of prosecutors in criminal proceedings, should be respected and taken into account by Governments within the framework of their national legislation and practice, and should be brought to the attention of prosecutors, as well as other persons, such as judges, lawyers, members of the executive and the legislature and the public in general. The present Guidelines have been formulated principally with public prosecutors in mind, but they apply equally, as appropriate, to prosecutors appointed on an ad hoc basis.
Qualifications, selection and training
1. Persons selected as prosecutors shall be individuals of integrity and ability, with appropriate training and qualifications.
2. States shall ensure that:
(a) Selection criteria for prosecutors embody safeguards against appointments based on partiality or prejudice, excluding any discrimination against a person on the grounds of race, colour, sex. Language, religion, political or other opinion, national, social or ethnic origin, property, birth, economic or other status, except that it shall not be considered discriminatory to require a candidate for prosecutorial office to be a national of the country concerned;
(b) Prosecutors have appropriate education and training and should be made aware of the ideals and ethical duties of their office, of the constitutional and statutory protections for the rights of the suspect and the victim, and of human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized by national and international law.
Status and conditions of service
3. Prosecutors, as essential agents of the administration of justice, shall at all times maintain the honour and dignity of their profession.
4. States shall ensure that prosecutors are able to perform their professional functions without intimidation, hindrance, harassment, improper interference or unjustified exposure to civil, penal or other liability.
5. Prosecutors and their families shall be physically protected by the authorities when their personal safety is threatened as a result of the discharge of prosecutorial functions.
6. Reasonable conditions of service of prosecutors, adequate remuneration and, where applicable, tenure, pension and age of retirement shall be set out by law or published rules or regulations.
7. Promotion of prosecutors, wherever such a system exists, shall be based on objective factors, in particular professional qualifications, ability, integrity and experience, and decided upon in accordance with fair and impartial procedures.
Freedom of expression and association
8. Prosecutors like other citizens are entitled to freedom of expression, belief, association and assembly. In particular, they shall have the right to take part in public discussion of matters concerning the law, the administration of justice and the promotion and protection of human rights and to join or form local, national or international organizations and attend their meetings, without suffering professional disadvantage by reason of their lawful action or their membership in a lawful organization. In exercising these rights, prosecutors shall always conduct themselves in accordance with the law and the recognized standards and ethics of their profession.
9. Prosecutors shall be free to form and join professional associations or other organizations to represent their interests, to promote their professional training and to protect their status.
Role in criminal proceedings
10. The office of prosecutors shall be strictly separated from judicial functions.
11. Prosecutors shall perform an active role in criminal proceedings, including institution of prosecution and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, in the investigation of crime, supervision over the legality of these investigations, supervision of the execution of court decisions and the exercise of other functions as representatives of the public interest.
12. Prosecutors shall, in accordance with the law, perform their duties fairly, consistently and expeditiously, and respect and protect human dignity and uphold human rights, thus contributing to ensuring due process and the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system.
13. In the performance of their duties, prosecutors shall:
(a) Carry out their functions impartially and avoid all political, social, religious, racial, cultural, sexual or any other kind of discrimination;
(b) Protect the public interest, act with objectivity, take proper account of the position of the suspect and the victim, and pay attention to all relevant circumstances, irrespective of whether they are to the advantage or disadvantage of the suspect;
(c) Keep matters in the* possession confidential, unless the performance of duty or the needs of justice require otherwise;
(d) Consider the views and concerns of victims when their personal interests are affected and ensure that victims are informed of their rights in accordance with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
14. Prosecutors shall not initiate or continue prosecution, or shall make every effort to stay proceedings, when an impartial investigation shows the charge to be unfounded.
15. Prosecutors shall give due attention to the prosecution of crimes committed by public officials, particularly corruption, abuse of power, grave violations of human rights and other crimes recognized by international law and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, the investigation of such offences.
16. When prosecutors come into possession of evidence against suspects that they know or believe on reasonable grounds was obtained through recourse to unlawful methods, which constitute a grave violation of the suspect's human rights, especially involving torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or other abuses of human rights, they shall refuse to use such evidence against anyone other than those who used such methods, or inform the Court accordingly, and shall take all necessary steps to ensure that those responsible for using such methods are brought to justice.
Discretionary functions
17. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions, the law or published rules or regulations shall provide guidelines to enhance fairness and consistency of approach in taking decisions in the prosecution process, including institution or waiver of prosecution.
Alternatives to prosecution
18. In accordance with national law, prosecutors shall give due consideration to waiving prosecution, discontinuing proceedings conditionally or unconditionally, or diverting criminal cases from the formal justice system, with full respect for the rights of suspect(s) and the victim(s). For this purpose, States should fully explore the possibility of adopting diversion schemes not only to alleviate excessive court loads, but also to avoid the stigmatization of pre-trial detention, indictment and conviction, as well as the possible adverse effects of imprisonment.
19. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions as to the decision whether or not to prosecute a juvenile, special considerations shall be given to the nature and gravity of the offence, protection of society and the personality and background of the juvenile. In making that decision, prosecutors shall particularly consider available alternatives to prosecution under the relevant juvenile justice laws and procedures. Prosecutors shall use their best efforts to take prosecutory action against juveniles only to the extent strictly necessary.
Relations with other government agencies or institutions
20. In order to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of prosecution, prosecutors shall strive to cooperate with the police, the courts, the legal profession, public defenders and other government agencies or institutions.
Disciplinary proceedings
21. Disciplinary offences of prosecutors shall be based on law or lawful regulations. Complaints against prosecutors which allege that they acted in a manner clearly out of the range of professional standards shall be processed expeditiously and fairly under appropriate procedures. Prosecutors shall have the right to a fair hearing. The decision shall be subject to independent review.
22. Disciplinary proceedings against prosecutors shall guarantee an objective evaluation and decision. They shall be determined in accordance with the law, the code of professional conduct and other established standards and ethics and in the light of the present Guidelines.
Observance of the Guidelines
23. Prosecutors shall respect the present Guidelines. They shall also, to the best of their capability, prevent and actively oppose any violations thereof.
24. Prosecutors who have reason to believe that a violation of the present Guidelines has occurred or is about to occur shall report the matter to their superior authorities and, where necessary, to other appropriate authorities or organs vested with reviewing or remedial power.
Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990
Whereas in the Charter of the United Nations the peoples of the world affirm, inter alia, their determination to establish conditions under which justice can be maintained, and proclaim as one of their purposes the achievement of international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,
Whereas the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the principles of equality before the law, the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal,
Whereas frequently there still exists a gap between the vision underlying those principles and the actual situation,
Whereas the organization and administration of justice in every country should be inspired by those principles, and efforts undertaken to translate them fully into reality,
Whereas prosecutors play a crucial role in the administration of justice, and rules concerning the performance of their important responsibilities should promote their respect for and compliance with the above-mentioned principles, thus contributing to fair and equitable criminal justice and the effective protection of citizens against crime,
Whereas it is essential to ensure that prosecutors possess the professional qualifications required for the accomplishment of their functions, through improved methods of recruitment and legal and professional training, and through the provision of all necessary means for the proper performance of their role in combating criminality, particularly in its new forms and dimensions,
Whereas the General Assembly, by its resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, adopted the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, on the recommendation of the Fifth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders,
Whereas in resolution 16 of the Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control was called upon to include among its priorities the elaboration of guidelines relating to the independence of judges and the selection, professional training and status of judges and prosecutors, Whereas the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders adopted the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985,
Whereas the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, recommends measures to be taken at the international and national levels to improve access to justice and fair treatment, restitution, compensation and assistance for victims of crime,
Whereas, in resolution 7 of the Seventh Congress the Committee was called upon to consider the need for guidelines relating, inter alia, to the selection, professional training and status of prosecutors, their expected tasks and conduct, means to enhance their contribution to the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system and their cooperation with the police, the scope of their discretionary powers, and their role in criminal proceedings, and to report thereon to future United Nations congresses,
The Guidelines set forth below, which have been formulated to assist Member States in their tasks of securing and promoting the effectiveness, impartiality and fairness of prosecutors in criminal proceedings, should be respected and taken into account by Governments within the framework of their national legislation and practice, and should be brought to the attention of prosecutors, as well as other persons, such as judges, lawyers, members of the executive and the legislature and the public in general. The present Guidelines have been formulated principally with public prosecutors in mind, but they apply equally, as appropriate, to prosecutors appointed on an ad hoc basis.
Qualifications, selection and training
1. Persons selected as prosecutors shall be individuals of integrity and ability, with appropriate training and qualifications.
2. States shall ensure that:
(a) Selection criteria for prosecutors embody safeguards against appointments based on partiality or prejudice, excluding any discrimination against a person on the grounds of race, colour, sex. Language, religion, political or other opinion, national, social or ethnic origin, property, birth, economic or other status, except that it shall not be considered discriminatory to require a candidate for prosecutorial office to be a national of the country concerned;
(b) Prosecutors have appropriate education and training and should be made aware of the ideals and ethical duties of their office, of the constitutional and statutory protections for the rights of the suspect and the victim, and of human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized by national and international law.
Status and conditions of service
3. Prosecutors, as essential agents of the administration of justice, shall at all times maintain the honour and dignity of their profession.
4. States shall ensure that prosecutors are able to perform their professional functions without intimidation, hindrance, harassment, improper interference or unjustified exposure to civil, penal or other liability.
5. Prosecutors and their families shall be physically protected by the authorities when their personal safety is threatened as a result of the discharge of prosecutorial functions.
6. Reasonable conditions of service of prosecutors, adequate remuneration and, where applicable, tenure, pension and age of retirement shall be set out by law or published rules or regulations.
7. Promotion of prosecutors, wherever such a system exists, shall be based on objective factors, in particular professional qualifications, ability, integrity and experience, and decided upon in accordance with fair and impartial procedures.
Freedom of expression and association
8. Prosecutors like other citizens are entitled to freedom of expression, belief, association and assembly. In particular, they shall have the right to take part in public discussion of matters concerning the law, the administration of justice and the promotion and protection of human rights and to join or form local, national or international organizations and attend their meetings, without suffering professional disadvantage by reason of their lawful action or their membership in a lawful organization. In exercising these rights, prosecutors shall always conduct themselves in accordance with the law and the recognized standards and ethics of their profession.
9. Prosecutors shall be free to form and join professional associations or other organizations to represent their interests, to promote their professional training and to protect their status.
Role in criminal proceedings
10. The office of prosecutors shall be strictly separated from judicial functions.
11. Prosecutors shall perform an active role in criminal proceedings, including institution of prosecution and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, in the investigation of crime, supervision over the legality of these investigations, supervision of the execution of court decisions and the exercise of other functions as representatives of the public interest.
12. Prosecutors shall, in accordance with the law, perform their duties fairly, consistently and expeditiously, and respect and protect human dignity and uphold human rights, thus contributing to ensuring due process and the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system.
13. In the performance of their duties, prosecutors shall:
(a) Carry out their functions impartially and avoid all political, social, religious, racial, cultural, sexual or any other kind of discrimination;
(b) Protect the public interest, act with objectivity, take proper account of the position of the suspect and the victim, and pay attention to all relevant circumstances, irrespective of whether they are to the advantage or disadvantage of the suspect;
(c) Keep matters in the* possession confidential, unless the performance of duty or the needs of justice require otherwise;
(d) Consider the views and concerns of victims when their personal interests are affected and ensure that victims are informed of their rights in accordance with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
14. Prosecutors shall not initiate or continue prosecution, or shall make every effort to stay proceedings, when an impartial investigation shows the charge to be unfounded.
15. Prosecutors shall give due attention to the prosecution of crimes committed by public officials, particularly corruption, abuse of power, grave violations of human rights and other crimes recognized by international law and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, the investigation of such offences.
16. When prosecutors come into possession of evidence against suspects that they know or believe on reasonable grounds was obtained through recourse to unlawful methods, which constitute a grave violation of the suspect's human rights, especially involving torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or other abuses of human rights, they shall refuse to use such evidence against anyone other than those who used such methods, or inform the Court accordingly, and shall take all necessary steps to ensure that those responsible for using such methods are brought to justice.
Discretionary functions
17. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions, the law or published rules or regulations shall provide guidelines to enhance fairness and consistency of approach in taking decisions in the prosecution process, including institution or waiver of prosecution.
Alternatives to prosecution
18. In accordance with national law, prosecutors shall give due consideration to waiving prosecution, discontinuing proceedings conditionally or unconditionally, or diverting criminal cases from the formal justice system, with full respect for the rights of suspect(s) and the victim(s). For this purpose, States should fully explore the possibility of adopting diversion schemes not only to alleviate excessive court loads, but also to avoid the stigmatization of pre-trial detention, indictment and conviction, as well as the possible adverse effects of imprisonment.
19. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions as to the decision whether or not to prosecute a juvenile, special considerations shall be given to the nature and gravity of the offence, protection of society and the personality and background of the juvenile. In making that decision, prosecutors shall particularly consider available alternatives to prosecution under the relevant juvenile justice laws and procedures. Prosecutors shall use their best efforts to take prosecutory action against juveniles only to the extent strictly necessary.
Relations with other government agencies or institutions
20. In order to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of prosecution, prosecutors shall strive to cooperate with the police, the courts, the legal profession, public defenders and other government agencies or institutions.
Disciplinary proceedings
21. Disciplinary offences of prosecutors shall be based on law or lawful regulations. Complaints against prosecutors which allege that they acted in a manner clearly out of the range of professional standards shall be processed expeditiously and fairly under appropriate procedures. Prosecutors shall have the right to a fair hearing. The decision shall be subject to independent review.
22. Disciplinary proceedings against prosecutors shall guarantee an objective evaluation and decision. They shall be determined in accordance with the law, the code of professional conduct and other established standards and ethics and in the light of the present Guidelines.
Observance of the Guidelines
23. Prosecutors shall respect the present Guidelines. They shall also, to the best of their capability, prevent and actively oppose any violations thereof.
24. Prosecutors who have reason to believe that a violation of the present Guidelines has occurred or is about to occur shall report the matter to their superior authorities and, where necessary, to other appropriate authorities or organs vested with reviewing or remedial power.
Când oamenii ...gândeşte
In Bucuresti au loc zilnic peste 150 de accidente usoare. O aripa indoita, un far spart, un pieton ranit usor... La sectiile de politie destinate acestor sesizari e tot timpul coada. Poate de aceea, cand le vine randul sa scrie cum s-a intamplat, soferii sunt atat de obositi, nervosi ori plictisiti, incat declaratiile lor sunt hilare. La "accidente usoare", innebunesti la coada. Politistii, proaspeti la intrarea in tura, transpira pe la pranz, iar catre sfarsitul programulului se uita prin tine. Nici soferii nu arata mai bine. Pe langa volumul enorm de munca, agentii de la accidente "arhiveaza" adevarate capodopere de imaginatie. Incercand sa-si sustina nevinovatia, unii soferi apeleaza la tot felul explicatii, care mai de care mai fanteziste.
M-A IMPINS VANTUL CU 60 LA ORA
"Batea vantul cu peste 100 de kilometri la ora din spate. Eu circulam cu 50 la ora, dar va dati seama ca vantul ma impingea foarte tare. Eu am franat, dar n-am putut evita impactul pentru ca m-a impins vantul cu o viteza de aproximativ 60 de kilometri pe ora, tinand cont de fortele de frecare...", a sustinut un sofer a carui viteza in oras era - dupa aprecierile martorilor si ale politistilor - de aproximativ 80 km/h.
VENEAU MASINI DE PESTE TOT
Cele mai bizare explicatii ale accidentelor auto raman totusi cele din intersectii."Eu ma deplasam regulamentar, dar din toate partile veneau masini. Atunci eu am oprit. (n.r. - semafoarele nu functionau si soferul se afla pe drumul cu prioritate. A oprit masina in mijlocul intersectiei. Să se inghesuie ei, daca sunt smecheri! Si tocmai pe mine, care stateam pe loc, m-a indoit unul cu masina de smecher. Cred ca era fotbalist, ca astia se inghesuie asa..."
AVIONUL MI-A TAIAT CALEA
"In timp ce ma deplasam cu autoturismul proprietate personala pe DN1 in directia Otopeni, un avion mi-a taiat calea, prin aer. Nu cred ca circula regulamentar intrucat era foarte aproape de sol. Atunci fiul meu a tipat, si normal, pentru ca era disperat, el are doar 9 ani, si eu am accelerat ca sa evit avionul si am intrat in masina din fata mea care era condusa de o femeie. Sa stiti, domnule agent, ca femeia m-a si injurat...", incerca sa explice un sofer.
MASINA A PLECAT SINGURA
"Soferul dubei s-a uitat exact in ochii mei si eu am accelerat, pentru ca am considerat ca ne-am inteles din priviri", a sustinut un conducator auto care nu s-a asigurat la plecarea de pe loc. "Sigur ca n-am mai semnalizat, dar pe urma soferul respectiv n-a mai vrut sa recunoasca ca s-a uitat la mine... Dar eu pot sa va spun ca are ochii albastri..." Sau... "Eu stateam linistit pe loc, la semafor. Deodata masina a plecat singura si l-a atins in bara pe conducatorul auto din fata mea. Atunci el s-a enervat si a dat tare cu spatele si mi-a spart farurile si mi-a indoit bara... Eu n-am avut nici o vina".
SE PREFACEA CA TRAVERSEAZA
"Am vazut cum autoturismul din fata mea a lovit pietonul, dar pietonul s-a ridicat si atunci l-am lovit si eu", marturisea un conducator auto. "Nu credeam ca se mai ridica", si-a sustinut omul nevinovatia? De altfel si intr-un accident in care au fost implicate mai multe masini, se pare ca tot un pieton a fost de vina: ,,O femeie "se prefacea ca traverseaza. Pe soferul din fata mea l-a pacalit si a franat. Am oprit si eu, dar soferul din spatele meu, care si el isi daduse seama ca femeia se preface, a intrat in mine si m-a impins in masina din fata. Pe urma a fost cum am spus eu. Femeia nici n-a mai traversat..."
AM PORNIT PE ALBASTRU
"Cred ca ati observat ca la semafoarele astea noi, moderne, este si culoarea albastra. Cand s-a aprins albastru eu nu am stiut ce sa fac pentru ca nu scrie in regulament. Am pornit, dar dupa-aia am oprit pentru ca mi-am dat seama ca la culoarea albastra in mod normal trebuie sa eliberezi banda de circulatie. Il rog pe aceasta cale pe domnul ministru sa ia masurile care se impun..."
M-A IMPINS VANTUL CU 60 LA ORA
"Batea vantul cu peste 100 de kilometri la ora din spate. Eu circulam cu 50 la ora, dar va dati seama ca vantul ma impingea foarte tare. Eu am franat, dar n-am putut evita impactul pentru ca m-a impins vantul cu o viteza de aproximativ 60 de kilometri pe ora, tinand cont de fortele de frecare...", a sustinut un sofer a carui viteza in oras era - dupa aprecierile martorilor si ale politistilor - de aproximativ 80 km/h.
VENEAU MASINI DE PESTE TOT
Cele mai bizare explicatii ale accidentelor auto raman totusi cele din intersectii."Eu ma deplasam regulamentar, dar din toate partile veneau masini. Atunci eu am oprit. (n.r. - semafoarele nu functionau si soferul se afla pe drumul cu prioritate. A oprit masina in mijlocul intersectiei. Să se inghesuie ei, daca sunt smecheri! Si tocmai pe mine, care stateam pe loc, m-a indoit unul cu masina de smecher. Cred ca era fotbalist, ca astia se inghesuie asa..."
AVIONUL MI-A TAIAT CALEA
"In timp ce ma deplasam cu autoturismul proprietate personala pe DN1 in directia Otopeni, un avion mi-a taiat calea, prin aer. Nu cred ca circula regulamentar intrucat era foarte aproape de sol. Atunci fiul meu a tipat, si normal, pentru ca era disperat, el are doar 9 ani, si eu am accelerat ca sa evit avionul si am intrat in masina din fata mea care era condusa de o femeie. Sa stiti, domnule agent, ca femeia m-a si injurat...", incerca sa explice un sofer.
MASINA A PLECAT SINGURA
"Soferul dubei s-a uitat exact in ochii mei si eu am accelerat, pentru ca am considerat ca ne-am inteles din priviri", a sustinut un conducator auto care nu s-a asigurat la plecarea de pe loc. "Sigur ca n-am mai semnalizat, dar pe urma soferul respectiv n-a mai vrut sa recunoasca ca s-a uitat la mine... Dar eu pot sa va spun ca are ochii albastri..." Sau... "Eu stateam linistit pe loc, la semafor. Deodata masina a plecat singura si l-a atins in bara pe conducatorul auto din fata mea. Atunci el s-a enervat si a dat tare cu spatele si mi-a spart farurile si mi-a indoit bara... Eu n-am avut nici o vina".
SE PREFACEA CA TRAVERSEAZA
"Am vazut cum autoturismul din fata mea a lovit pietonul, dar pietonul s-a ridicat si atunci l-am lovit si eu", marturisea un conducator auto. "Nu credeam ca se mai ridica", si-a sustinut omul nevinovatia? De altfel si intr-un accident in care au fost implicate mai multe masini, se pare ca tot un pieton a fost de vina: ,,O femeie "se prefacea ca traverseaza. Pe soferul din fata mea l-a pacalit si a franat. Am oprit si eu, dar soferul din spatele meu, care si el isi daduse seama ca femeia se preface, a intrat in mine si m-a impins in masina din fata. Pe urma a fost cum am spus eu. Femeia nici n-a mai traversat..."
AM PORNIT PE ALBASTRU
"Cred ca ati observat ca la semafoarele astea noi, moderne, este si culoarea albastra. Cand s-a aprins albastru eu nu am stiut ce sa fac pentru ca nu scrie in regulament. Am pornit, dar dupa-aia am oprit pentru ca mi-am dat seama ca la culoarea albastra in mod normal trebuie sa eliberezi banda de circulatie. Il rog pe aceasta cale pe domnul ministru sa ia masurile care se impun..."
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